Monday, December 30, 2019

What Does Null Mean in C, C and C#

In computer programming, null is both a value and a pointer. Null is a built-in constant that has a value of zero. It is the same as the character 0 used to terminate strings in C. Null can also be the value of a pointer, which is the same as zero unless the CPU supports a special bit pattern for a null pointer. What Is a Null Value? In a database, zero is a value. The value null means that no value exists. When used as a value, null is not a memory location. Only pointers hold memory locations.  Without a null character, a string would not correctly terminate, which would cause problems. What Is a Null Pointer? The C and C programming, a pointer is a variable that holds a memory location. The null pointer is a pointer that intentionally points to nothing. If you dont have an address to assign to a pointer, you can use null. The null value avoids memory leaks and crashes in applications that contain pointers. An example of a null pointer in C is: #include int main() {   Ã‚  int  *ptr NULL;   Ã‚  printf(The value of ptr is %u,ptr);   Ã‚  return 0; } Note: In C, the null macro may have the type void* but this is not allowed in C. Null in C# In C#, null means no object. Information about null and its usages in C# include: You cannot use 0 instead of null in your programs even though null is represented by the value 0.You can use null with any reference type including arrays, strings, and custom types.In C#, null is not the same as the constant zero.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Summary Of The Banking Concept Of Education

Dominants and Subordinates in Education In â€Å"The ‘Banking’ Concept of Education,† from the Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Revised Edition, Paulo Freire discusses two different types of education: â€Å"banking† and problem-posing. The banking concept of education is when teachers â€Å"make deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat† (318), and ‘problem posing’ is when the teachers and students are equal. Instead of being treated as human beings that have their own thoughts and ideas, students are treated as containers that are simply filled by a powerful being, a teacher. In school, teachers are dominants that provide knowledge to the students, the subordinates; the knowledge that students learn are limited to what they’re taught by teachers. Similarly, in Kurt Wimmer’s ‘Equilibrium’, Librians are treated as reservoirs for knowledge. In the movie ‘Equilibrium’, everyone follows the demands of the Father, such as kill people who have feelings, and agree with whatever the Father says. Emotions are what cause people to have differences in opinions, which is why the Father did not want people having any feelings; to prevent disputes. They used a mind altering drug called ‘prozium’ to encourage obedience and prevent people from having their own thoughts. To make matters worse, in the movie, there are numerous screens in which a taped recording of the Father is presented to all of Libra’s inhabitants; they were being brainwashed. Society will soon bear a resemblanceShow MoreRelatedThe Banking Concept Of Education Summary1133 Words   |  5 Pages0701 23 September 2017 The Banking Concept of Education In the essay, â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education†, Paulo Freire compares two teaching concepts used in education, which are the â€Å"banking concept† and â€Å"problem-posing†. In the â€Å"banking concept†, the educator assumes that the students are passive, so they take full control and instill students with information without explaining it to them or receive their input. Freire believes that problem-posing education allows people to develop their humanRead MorePedagogy Of The Oppressed By Paulo Freire930 Words   |  4 Pagescapturing the immense reality of certain educational methods. He explains the â€Å"banking† system of teaching, which portrays the teachers as â€Å"oppressors† who enforce themselves with an authoritative, commanding position upon the â€Å"oppressed† students. By introducing scholars to this â€Å"banking† concept of education, the teacher has no regard for the student, inhibiting further questi oning and analyses, which only â€Å"negates education and knowledge as processes of inquiry.† (Pedagogy) Freire applies negativeRead MoreTeaching And Learning By Paulo Freire s Speech Of Desire, And Alberto Alvaro Rios1468 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding. Three writers from Ways of Reading have conclusions that adequately achieve an effective conclusion: Paulo Freire, author of The â€Å"Banking† Concept of Education, Richard Rodriguez, author of The Achievement of Desire, and Alberto Alvaro Rios, author of Translating Translation: Finding the Beginning. 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One of these systems is demanding the public to think and act in the bestRead MoreEssay685 Words   |  3 PagesEN 106 Essay #1 Assignment Close Reading/Summary of Paulo Freire’s â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education† A very common type of writing you will produce in your academic career involves carefully reading and developing a summary of a given text. The ability to engage in close reading— to identify salient (key) arguments and represent them fairly—is foundational to entering academic conversations as a competent and articulate participant. Summaries also serve an important role in helping other readersRead MoreTeaching in Australia1785 Words   |  7 PagesThe teacher can develop their identity as a teacher through: (1) storing teaching; (2) theorizing teaching and identity; (3) evaluating beliefs and values; and (4) Transforming Personal Identity. (Churchill, et al, 2013, p.6) Research in education is reported to adhere to the belief that there is no single variable that improves student achievement more than the introduction of a great teacher. Teacher quality and teaching quality go hand-in-hand. (Churchill, 2013, p.6) Teacher quality isRead MoreQuestions On Reading Assessment On Students Reading Behaviors, Determining Reading Level, And Assess Students Progress1714 Words   |  7 PagesChapter two summary talks about the purpose of reading assessment which there three; identifying the students reading behaviors, determining reading level, and assess students’ progress. When you’re a good reader you don’t realize the different ways you read different genre or material like a story versus informational text and how both are different methods of comprehension, questioning, and vocabulary. Another part of reading good readers don’t know about is that we exhibit a variety of behaviorsRead MoreOnline Learning Is Good Or Tradition al Learning?847 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of technology in the 21st century has been spreading very fast, and it is very helpful in our busy lives. We do many things like banking, shopping, and communication using technology in our daily lives. And, the next big thing, which has been growing very fast, is online learning. It is very easy to take online classes via internet. People taking online classes do not go to a college campus, so they do everything from home using technology. Some people think that online learning is not goodRead MoreNotes On Mutual Fund Industry Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagescompanies (AMCs) to comply with this new rule. Until the net worth is raised from â‚ ¹10 crore to â‚ ¹ 50 crore, only 2 new schemes can be launched by the AMCs. 2. 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Friday, December 13, 2019

Psychological Disorders and Treatment Free Essays

Tatiana Saunders PS124: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Prof: Marjorie Vandemark Kaplan University Everyone has a personality with character traits, but when these traits are rigid and self-defeating, they may interfere with functioning and even lead to psychiatric symptoms. A psychological disorder is describe as any disturbance of emotional equilibrium, as manifested in maladaptive behavior and impaired functioning, caused by genetic, physical, chemical, biological, psychological, or social and cultural factors. Schizophrenia is a disease that strikes people in their prime. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Disorders and Treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It does not matter who you are, you can be diagnosis with schizophrenia. Many people all over the world are affected by bipolar disorders. There are two phases of bipolar manic and depressive. There are many new types of treatments used, such as drug therapy and psychological therapy. Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness that causes changes in how you think, feel, and behave. While treating Sophia Smith since she was 12 years old for schizophrenia. Sophia has presented symptoms such as misbehaving in school and at home due to mother and father divorce when she was reaching the age of 13 years, Sophia was the only child and didn’t really get along with the other children at her school. Sophia has been struggling in school because at times she feels and behaves in the wrong way and she is afraid that her classmates are going to look at her differently because she has a psychological disorder and is currently taking medications to help her behave properly in the classroom. Sophia received therapy every week for six months so that she can feel comfortable talking about what makes her lash out and have trouble behaving in the proper way as well as the way she thinks before she lashes out. While reaching out to Sophia I also reached out to her parents and even though they were separated I introduced the different treatments options that would benefit Sophia in therapy. Cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy was applied to Sophia’s treatment approach in order to addresses her dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. There were long time goals set up for Sophia while attending school to engage in activities to help her nteract with the different people in her school, Sophia has also set up long term goals at home to be more productive and be more open to having two homes one with her mother and one with her farther, She will also have therapy sessions with both her mother and farther in order to understand that the divorce was not her mistake, as well as knowing she always can talk to her parents no matter what she is going through they should be the first step in showing her problems. As a professional my obligation is to continue going through therapy with Sophia and making sure she stays on the right path in while dealing with her disorder and always let her know that she can become anyone she wants, she won’t be judged because of her mental disorder. Sophia has made tremendous progress and is not currently taking any medications just receiving therapy once a week and also getting positive feedback from her parents and classmates. More than two million Americans suffer from some form of bipolar disorder, a persistent, severe, sometimes lethal, and lifelong illness (Campbell, 2003). Vanessa Sawyer, like many victims of this illness, struggled for fifteen years before climbing out of the deep dark pit. Primary care physicians play a critical role in recognizing, diagnosing, and treating this disorder. Many symptoms of bipolar disorder go either unrecognized or victims and families are in a state of denial. The majority of patients with bipolar disorder will experience significant symptoms before the age of twenty-five years the disorder is complicated by co-occurring alcohol or substance abuse. While treating my client Bobby Lopez for about three months he has shown little signs of improvement, He started out with another therapist and was reassigned to me for a further study. Bobby stated that he started feeling down and didn’t really want to come out his house at times he would push his wife of three years away just because his mood was unstable, Bobby recently had a child who just turned 3 months he has had no interaction with playing or taking care of his child due to his mood. Before Bobby came to see a therapist he was drinking very heavily and would drink for sunrise to sundown to bypass the time and to make himself feel better. As we have been working on his drinking in order to help him to improve his mood disorder. The main goals of humanistic therapy in Bobby case is to find out how he will perceive himself here and now and how he can recognize growth, self-direction and responsibilities. This method is optimistic and attempts to help individuals recognize their strengths by offering a non-judgmental, understanding experience. Bobby since his treatment has become a better father to his wife and his child, he has also gained a job and his mood is gotten a lot better. I also still her Bobby once a week for therapy at times he brings his wife for family therapy. My professional obligation in the case of Bobby is to make sure he continue on the right path and receiving therapy as well as getting more involved with the world and a better relationship[ with his wife and also to build his self-esteem. In conclusion with as many problems as there are in today’s society, psychological disorders are very common. Since any behavior that is considered abnormal and disturbing can be described as a psychological disorder, there are various types of disorders. Along with these disorders are different techniques used by therapists to diagnose and treat the disorders. http://www. behavenet. com/personality-disorder http://www. counselling-directory. org. uk/humanistic. html How to cite Psychological Disorders and Treatment, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Cats Make the Perfect Pet free essay sample

Cats make the perfect pet I have heard the old saying that dogs are man’s best friend. I don’t know much about dogs, but I do know a lot about cats. I have had a cat as a pet for at least 30 years. They are wonderful and I know I will always have one in my life. I think cats make the perfect pet because they are self sufficient, intelligent, and good companions. The first reason I think that cats make the perfect pet is because they are self sufficient. Cats can take care of themselves. When we take cats into our homes as pets, they don’t require much attention. Another good example of why cats are self sufficient is because they are clean animals and they bathe themselves quite often. Cats also have a built in deodorizer in their saliva and this deodorizer always makes their fur smell nice and fresh. We will write a custom essay sample on Cats Make the Perfect Pet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One more good reason that cats are self sufficient is because they do not have to be let outdoors to go the bathroom. That is because cats almost instinctively know how to use the indoor litter box. All we have to do is show them where the litter box is and they will automatically go to it every time they have to use the bathroom.Another example of how cats are self sufficient is the fact that we don’t have to play with them when they are bored. Cat’s can amuse themselves for endless hours by watching the birds play in the yard or chasing a shadow on the wall. Another reason that cats are self sufficient is because even though indoor cats depend on us for food and water, we can leave a cat alone indoors for a few days. All that is needed to leave a cat alone is food, fresh water, and a litter box. My cat has been known to feed himself if he runs out of food.He knows where the cat food is kept, and if he is hungry he will help himself. Cats are very self sufficient and I think that this is one of the traits that make a cat the perfect pet. The second reason that cats make the perfect pets is because they are intelligent. Cats are very inquisitive and inventive creaturesAnother example of a cat’s intelligence is that some cats have a sixth sense. They can tell if someone is sick or upset. My mother told me the story of a cat living in a nursing home that could sense death. The cat would go around and visit the patients in the nursing home. If the cat stopped and stayed in a patient’s room death was imminent. The nursing staff would contact the patient’s family and inform them of the situation. Within a few hours the patient would be dead. The cat has accurately predicted seven deaths. It is obvious that cats are very intelligent animals. The third reason I think that cats make the perfect pet is because they are good companions. When we feel down, frustrated, or irritated a cat can come up to us and wrap around our leg or curl up in our lap and we instantly feel better. These acts of kindness seem to melt away the stress of the day. One good example of why cats make good companions is because petting and nuzzling cats has been known to lower blood pressure in humans, and a cat’s sweet soft purr can lull an insomniac to sleep in an instant.Cats also make good companions because they like to curl up next to us for a good long nap, and there is no better sleeping partner than a cat. Cats don’t care what we look like, they don’t expect anything in return, and they will always keep our feet warm! Another example of why a cat makes a good companion is because at the end of the day they will not come running up to us at the door and lick us to death like a dog. They are just glad to see us. A meow and a flip of the tail is all that is needed to say hello. One more reason cats make good companions is because they can live long lives.If they are taken care of properly it is not uncommon for them to live into their teens or twenties. Also cats are good companions because they are soft and cuddly and easy to love. When looking for a good companion, a cat will make a wonderful choice and a lifelong friend. My love for cats goes back a long time. In a few years I will probably become the crazy cat lady. Cats are independent and self sufficient. They are very intelligent animals and they make good companions. I think these things make the cat a perfect pet.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Green computing Essays

Green computing Essays Green computing Paper Green computing Paper Everyone use computer for its own purpose. But no one is aware about the harmful impacts of the use of computer on environment. Most of the CO 2 emission is produced through the heat generated by computer and its devices. The energy consumption by various computing devices is also plays a main role towards our harmful environment. This research paper analyzes the factors related to awareness of green computing among common man. It also includes a survey questionnaire which takes all the factors into account and before starting actual survey a pilot study for this questionnaire was done which confirm its acceptance. Keywords Environment, hazardous, manufacturer, CO emission, sustainable I. Introduction Green computing is the study of environmental sustainable computing. It is the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. The goal of green computing is to reduce the use of hazardous material and save our environment from its harmful impacts. CO emission also plays a big role to affect our environment and most of CO 2 emission is produced through the use of computer and its devices. Although computer is he basic need of every common man and they have to use it for time saving and to reduce human labor, but they also need to aware about its harmful impacts on our environment. : In this research paper take various factors related to the awareness of green computing also to check the every common mans knowledge about green computing and initiatives towards green computing taken through computer manufacturers and also taken by a common man. Factor Categories This questionnaire considers all the factors related to term green computing, its benefits and the initiatives of computer manufacturers and of common an towards green computing. All these factors are taken according to their suitable priority. It includes major factors and all these factors are taken as questions which can be answered in yes, no or dont know according to which we can easily consider the benefits and awareness of green computing towards common man so they can use their computer and its devices which are more sustainable to our environment and take some efforts to save our environment form the harmful impacts of CO 2 emission and hazardous material.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The issues, procedures, and techniques involved in IT resource Research Paper

The issues, procedures, and techniques involved in IT resource contingency planning - Research Paper Example In this regard, a study of a sampled organization which has implemented a range of technologies is to be accomplished. The primary purpose of the investigation is to evaluate the policies, approaches, procedures, and teams which are associated to incident response and recovery. A secondary purpose of the investigation is to develop a set of the effective measures to ensure that the organization achieves business continuity after incidences with minimum incurrence of costs. As per the hypothetical case study, currently there is no business continuity, disaster recovery and incident response plans. In order to do so, there are many factors that can be taken into consideration. The first objective is to establish a risk management framework. The risk assessment framework will incorporate asset identification and classification. Asset identification can also be called as asset inventory. Asset inventory comprises of all assets that are deemed critical, important or general. After establi shing asset inventory, asset classification is carried out. Likewise, the classification scheme will be drawn, as defined by the data, system or application owners, as they are the relevant people to determine the levels for each asset. After defining the asset inventory and asset classification, our next objective is to carry out risk management. Likewise, risk management comprises of two components i.e. Risk assessment and Risk management. Risk assessment incorporates cost benefit analysis that justifies the total cost of the asset and the total cost required to protect and ensure redundancy. However, it is essential to make a balance or the total cost of an asset may not exceed the total cost required for securing it or providing redundancy. Critical questions that need to be answered for conducting a successful risk management are: Which information asset is the most critical to the success of the organization? Which information asset generates the most revenue? Which informatio n asset generates the highest profitability? Which information asset is the most expensive to replace? Which information asset is the most expensive to protect? Which information asset’s loss or compromise would be the most embarrassing or cause the greatest liability? After the completion of risk assessment, risks can be prioritized and can be managed with associated or allocated cost and their impact levels on the business. Moreover, for establishing a comprehensive business continuity plan, following factors are mandatory: Business Continuity Planning Governance Business Impact Analysis (BIA) Procedures and activities for business continuity Instant procedures Quality assurance The disaster recovery sites must ensure to meet the Recovery Time Objectives, Recovery Point Objectives Service Delivery Objectives, Crisis Opening (Disaster Declaration) and Crisis end. Figure 3 illustrates the formulation of designing and validating a BCP plan based on these parameters. Figure 3 I mage Retrieved from (Sheth, McHugh, & Jones, 2008) Furthermore, for establishing incident response functions, Computer security incident response teams are required with trained staff. Through a sampling methodology, a convenient sample will be attained from organizations which have heavily employed technology in their operations and have been affected by security incidences and breaches. Therefore a primary research methodology will be conducted to gather data and information on the approaches which the organizations selected in the sample employ in the achievement of effective response and recovery

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Assignment 08 Marketing - previous order # 1084722 addition Essay

Assignment 08 Marketing - previous order # 1084722 addition - Essay Example All of us are consume products because of the needs we have to satisfy. Whatever they are, whether it is motivated by a need or a want, all of us allocate a certain amount of our money to the purchase of products where the end goal is to satisfy a need or want, which can be satisfied only if the product comes with the functionality that can meet the needs of the consumer. Thus, functionality of a product is an essential element to satisfy the needs of the consumer and its absence the product becomes useless for the buyer. This becomes evident from the behavior of the consumers where they would immediately ask for a replacement or product service for any damaged or defective produce they have just bought. With this said, functionality is the end all and be all. Though a form of products would attract people to buy unnecessary things while shopping, out of pure whim, this mainly applies only to impulsive buyers. Furthermore, a product with mere form that lacks in functionality can end up in a sale but not such items may not be able to forge a sustainable relationship with the consumers or command brand loyalty (Form Vs Function: Design, Emotion and Profitability, n.d.). When customers are not satisfied with a product’s functionality, they would definitely look for another brand that satisfies their needs in terms of its utility, and would not disappoint them due to the lack of proper functionality. However, I agree with the notion that the appearance of a product also has a significant role to play in their marketability. This is the reason why there are still products which lack functionality and yet they survive in the market because of the few consumers who put aesthetic considerations over functional considerations and may buy products merely on the grounds that they appeal to and satisfy their sense of aesthetics (Smashing

Monday, November 18, 2019

The Origin of the Word Hubris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Origin of the Word Hubris - Essay Example Along with advancements in science, the Greeks made significant advances in philosophy. â€Å"Beginning with Hesiod, the Greeks stressed the virtue of sophrosyne (moderation, self-control) as the key to happiness and right living. Its opposite was Hubris, meaning pride, arrogance and unbridled ambition† (). Hubris encompassed many aspects of life in ancient Greece. It was not only a philosophical matter but also a legal and religious matter. Hubris was not only an act against humans but also an act against the gods, â€Å"Hubris against the gods is often attributed as a character flaw of the heroes in Greek tragedy, and the cause of the nemesis or destruction, which befalls these characters† (). The gods were free to punish that mortal who were guilty of committing hubris but were also free to commit hubris themselves because of the power they possessed over mortals. Athenian dramatists often wrote about this theme in their plays, â€Å"Herodotus attributed the Persian defeat by the Greeks to Xerxes overweening pride, for Zeus tolerates pride in none but himself" (). Ancient Greek writings such as The Odyssey also touch on the topic of hubris on a mortal to mortal level rather than an immortal to a mortal level. The most popular example is that of Penelope’s suitors who are made to pay for their crimes against the household of Odysseus from the hands of Odysseus himself rather than one of the gods. In this case, hubris was an act of violence but an act of arrogance. Penelope’s suitors believed that Odysseus would not be returning so they helped themselves to his property and wife. From a modern perspective, this act of hubris does not stem from excessive pride but from practicality. After all, Odysseus was gone for quite some time but according to Homer. this extended absence was not an excuse for arrogance.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Wireless Local Area Networks and Security Mechanisms

Wireless Local Area Networks and Security Mechanisms WLAN Wireless Local Area Network LAN Local Area Network IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access NIC Network Interface Card MAC Media Access Control WAP Wireless Access Point AP Access Point NAT Network Address Translation SSID Service Set Identifier IV Initialization Vector IDS Intrusion Detection Systems Wireless local area networking (WLAN) has swiftly become very popular technology all over the world. The WLAN protocol, IEEE 802.11, amongst other associated technologies enable secure access to a wireless network infrastructure. Before the development of wireless networking, clients had to use physical media such as wiring to connect to the network. With the rapid increase in demand and usage of wireless networking, it is vital that secure communication is provided. Since the creation of wireless networks, the security alongside has gone through many different stages of development, from MAC address filtering, to WEP, leading to WPA/WPA2. 2.1 Wireless Communication Wireless communication provides wireless networking between client devices, without the need for a physical connection between them (Obrien, 2008). In order to transmit via wireless signals, radio waves are used. The basic process of communication using radio waves is as follows: A transmitter sends data by turning electrical signals into radio waves A receiver listens for the radio waves and turns them back into electrical signals, which can create the desired output. Figure 1 below shows an illustrated example of this. The use of this communication process enables different scenario requirements to be met, for instance short and longer distances can be achieved simply by altering the strength and size of the transmitter/reciever. It also contains various types of fixed and mobile applications including: mobile phones, two-way radios, computer hardware, GPS units, amongst others. 2.2 Wireless Internet Access Wi-Fi is the term denoted to the functionality in which devices can be connected to the internet without the need of a physical cable. Wi-Fi technology has become the standard for internet access in homes, workplaces and in place spaces. Regardless of the environment, the core setup consists two key components, an access point and wireless devices. 2.2 WLAN Components Within WLAN, two modes of operation exist: ad-hoc and infrastructure. The ad-hoc mode enables a small wireless workgroup to be quickly setup (no access point required), whereas the infrastructure mode is utilized in cooperation with an existing LAN infrastructure; to incorporate wireless clients into the network (Netgear, 2014). Within these two operation modes there are two key components: access points and wireless clients. 2.2.1 Access Points An access points is used to link wireless clients into an existing traditional wired LAN (Netgear, 2014), it doesnt however interconnect two networks (Wallace, 2011). A basic WLAN topology with a Wireless Access Point (WAP) is shown in figure 2. The topology shows an access point connected to the wired LAN, and the wireless clients that connect to the wired LAN via the access point are on the same subnet as the access point (note that no Network Address Translation (NAT) is being performed). Depending on the chosen technology (802.11 a/b/g) and its implementation, a single access point is capable of handling up to several hundred wireless clients (Intel, 2017). The security associated with access points have some special considerations. Many traditional wired networks base the security on physical access, entrusting users currently on the network, whereas anyone within the range of the access point can attach to the network; provided no password is attached. Another concern is if a h acker still manager to bypass the password security, the ability to packet-sniff and intercept data being sent over the wireless network. There are a few security solutions available to address these issues (see section 2.3). 2.2.2 Wireless Clients A wireless client can include a range of devices, including a desktop, laptop, tablet, or mobile phone with a wireless network interface card that enables that device to communicate with an access point. For the client to communicate with the access point, it needs to be configured so that it uses the same SSID (Service Set Identifier) as the access point. An SSID is a case-sensitive alphanumeric string of up to 32 characters (Beal, 2017), and is often referred to as the network name (Intel, 2017). Most access points broadcast their SSID to advertise themselves to wireless clients within its range by default. 2.3 Wireless Security Security is a major concern in wireless networks, where the radio waves carrying the frames can propagate far beyond the confines of the desired area of the wireless access point and hosts; increasing the chances for an unwanted client to connect to the network and intercept data. Within this section, security mechanisms available to address issues surrounding wireless networking including SSID broadcasting, MAC address filtering, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) will be covered. 2.3.1 SSID Broadcasting As mentioned above it is very common for an access point to broadcast themselves to wireless clients within its radius. This results in clients being able to see all available access points (SSIDs) and choose which one to join, meaning users can easily attach to the network; provided no password is attached. Disabling SSID broadcasting makes it much harder for access points to be identified (Farshchi, 2003). However, this results in the clients having to remember and manually enter the SSID to join a specific access point. Whilst being the simplest security measure available, it by the most ineffective method as it provides very little protection against anything but the most casual intrusion (Ou, 2005). 2.3.2 MAC Filtering Another simple security feature available on many access points in MAC (Media Access Control) Address Filtering. This method utilizes the 48-bit address assigned to each network interface card (NIC) and adds them to either a whitelist or blacklist (Cisco, 2008). The restriction of network access through the use of lists is straightforward, however an individual is not identified by a MAC address, rather a device. The method means that an authorized administrator would need to whitelist or blacklist an entry for every device a client may want to use on the network. The process of specifying the approved and rejected MAC addresses can be controlled through the administrator page of the access point (provided it comes with admin tools available), see Figure 3 above. This form of security may be suitable for small home use, it isnt practical for a business level as it provides a massive overhead for the administrator, as they need to manually add each address. Relying on the security fea ture alone isnt enough, as an individual can easily spoof their MAC address to imitate another device (InfoExpress, 2017). 2.3.3 Wired Equivalent Privacy The IEEE 802.11 WEP protocol was introduced as the privacy component of the original 802.11 specification created in 1997, and was initially designed to provide confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network (IEEE, 1997). Both WEP authentication and data encryption use two types of shared secret keys: 40-bit and 104-bit. To create the total encryption key is a combination of the base shared secret key and a 24-bit parameter called the Initialization vector and is used by both the client and server to decrypt the messages sent. The resulting length of the encryption key is 64-bit for the 40-bit shared key, and 128-bit for the 104-bit shared key (Schenk, 2001). The WEP protocol doesnt provide a key management algorithm, so it assumes that the access point and client have agreed on the shared key via another prior method. With each message sent, the IV component of the encryption key can be changed. The original 802.11 specification doesnt standardize how the new IV s hould be created, with the implementation depending on the chosen algorithm. As the IV component of the key can change, it is sent as clear text with the encrypted message (cipher text), as the recipient needs to know the IV component for them to generate the new encryption key also (see figure 4 for the process overview). By having to send the IV as clear text, this means that if these packets were to be intercepted, an unwanted user could easily gain part of the encryption key and potentially access the data. WEP also has its own authentication process (before the data transfer process can commence) consisting of two distinct modes, Open System, and Shared Key (Qnx, 2017). The Open System mode does not require a key for the authentication process, therefore the client is always authenticated; which also means the same configuration for authentication is not required to match. An illustrated process of the Open System authentication is shown in figure 5 below. The steps to authenticate when using Open System mode (Kurose et al, 2013): The client sends an authentication request to the access point. The access point will then authenticate the requesting client. The client connects to the network. The Shared Key authentication method however, requires an encryption key for the authentication process. Unlike the Open System mode, the Shared Key authentication requires both the client and access point to use the same authentication configuration. An illustrated process of the Shared Key authentication mode is shown in figure 6 below. The following steps occur when using Shared Key Authentication (Kurose et al, 2013): The client sends an authentication request to the access point. The access point sends challenge text to the station. The client uses the pre-configured default key to encrypt the challenge text received, and sends the encrypted text to the access point. The access point decrypts the received text using its own pre-configured key that corresponds to the clients key. The text is compared, and if it matches, then the client is authenticated. The client connects to the network. When WEP was initially created, it performed the job it was designed and intended for; however as technology become more readily available and advanced; the security issues in the WEP protocol began to show. The WEP protocol was contains three major problems which make wireless networking more unsecure. The first major disadvantage is that the shared key needs to be sent to every single user on the network and this isnt an easy task. Another disadvantage is that the encryption key size is only 40-bit or 104-bit; which is a very small size and can easily be hacked with open source software. Due to the security flaws, WEP was deprecated in 2004 with the introduction of WPA and WPA2 to more a more reliable and robust security service. 2.3.4 Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 The 802.11i WPA2 protocol was introduced in 2004, as an improvement upon the intermediate WPA protocol and original WEP protocol. The WPA protocol increases security by introducing two new protocols: 4-way handshake, and the group key handshake. The two protocols use authentication and port access services in WPA2 to create and alter the encryption keys (IEEE, 2004). Add something here The four-way handshake is an authentication process that occurs between an access point and the client. It is method used for them both to prove to one another that they both know the Pairwise Master Key (PMK), without ever needing to disclose any part of the key; already providing more security over WEP. The process of sending encrypted message between the client and access point is still adopted from the WEP protocol, and if they successfully decrypt the message; then it proves they are knowledgeable of the PMK (Chaudhary, 2014). This process is vital in protecting the PMK from malicious and unwanted users, even if an attackers network id (SSID) was impersonating a real access point, the PMK would still never have to be disclosed. Amongst the content in the aforementioned sections, there are other aspects that also relate to both wireless networking and wireless security. The most relevant aspect to consider is operational security, which includes three sub components: firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). These systems provide an extra layer of security to attempt to block, detect and resolve security issues. 3.1 Firewalls A firewall is a combination of software and hardware that isolates an organizations internal network from the internet, controlling which packets are allowed to pass through, and those that are blocked (Boudriga, 2010), by scanning the header fields of each packet to check if it passes the defined criteria. Figure 8 shows an illustrated example of where a physical firewall would sit within a networking infrastructure. Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls (Vacca, 2009). A network firewall controls the traffic flow between two or more networks, and are typically the form of a software application, but dedicated physical devices are also used. Host-based firewalls on the other hand only controls the traffic for an individual machine (PersonalFirewall, 2017). Both types of firewalls use a set of pre-defined rules that are defined by an administrator through the use of either built in or third party software (see figure 9). Utilizing a firewall as an extra layer of security is a must for many individual computers and networks, as they provide many strengths including: enforcing security and policies for an organizations infrastructure, restricting access to specific services, removes the need to compromise between usability and security, and provides the ability for an administrator to monitor the traffic that flows through the network. Whilst providing many strengths, it does however also have some weaknesses including: only being capable of stopping the traffic that passes through the firewall itself, no ability to protect against an approved item, and they cannot protect against issues created from within the network. 3.2 Intrusion Detection Systems Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are another method used to detect network activity. These systems can take the form of either a device or software application that monitors networks/systems for malicious and/or policy violations (Kurose. 2013); and is logged and handled by management software. IDS systems can be categorized into two types: signature-based and anomaly-based. A signature based IDS maintains a database of known attack signatures. Each signature is simply a set of rules retaining characteristics about a known packet(s), such as port numbers, protocol types, string of bits. Signatures are normally created by network security engineers, however customizations and additions can be made. Despite Signature-based IDS systems being widely deployed, they do have limitations. Most notably, they require previous knowledge of the attack to generate an accurate signature. An anomaly based IDS on the other hand creates a traffic profile as it observes during normal operation, seeking packets that are unusual statistically. The one major benefit about anomaly-based IDS systems is that they dont rely on previous knowledge about existing attacks, as they can potentially detect new attacks on the go. On the other hand, it is an extremely challenging problem to distinguish between normal traffic and simply unusual traffic. In conclusion, it is clear from the literature reviewed that wireless networking has become an extremely popular and sophisticated technology, but brings many security issues along with its use over traditional wired connectivity. As wireless networks utilize electromagnetic waves to transfer data, it is much easier for unwanted users to gain access to the data being transferred between a client and access point. Therefore, resulting in a combination of security features being required, including encrypted authentication and data transfer; along with extra layers such as a firewall and intrusion detection/prevention systems. With new technologies being developed and standards updated, it is vital that these technologies are used to provide the best security when using wireless networking. References Al Tamimi, A. (2006). Security in Wireless Data Networks : A Survey Paper. [online] Cs.wustl.edu. Available at: http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/wireless_security/index.html Boudriga, N. and Boudriga, N. (2010). Security of mobile communications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Beal, V. (2017). What is Service Set Identifier (SSID)? Webopedia Definition. [online] Webopedia.com. Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SSID.html Cisco. (2008). Network VirtualizationAccess Control Design Guide. [online] Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Network_Virtualization/AccContr.html Cisco. (2008). Authentication Types for Wireless Devices. [online] Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/access/wireless/software/guide/SecurityAuthenticationTypes.html Farshchi, J. (2003) The Essential Components of a Wireless Policy. Wireless Network Policy Development. Part Two. Symantec Corp. 10 October 2003. URL: http://www.securityfocus.com/printable/infocus/1735 IEEE Standard for Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific Requirements-Part 11. (1997). [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified]. IEEE 802.11i-2004: Amendment 6: Medium Access Control (MAC) Security Enhancements (pdf), IEEE Standards Intel. 2017. Wireless Ethernet LAN (WLAN). (2017). 1st ed. [ebook] Intel. Available at: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/faqs/wireless-ethernet-lan-faq1.pdf InfoExpress. (2017). Detecting and Preventing MAC Spoofing. [online] Available at: https://infoexpress.com/content/practical/142 Kurose, J. and Ross, K. (2013). Computer networking. Boston: Pearson Mitchell, B. (2016) Wireless Internet Service: An Introduction Microsoft. (2003). How 802.11 Wireless Works. [online] Available at: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc757419(v=ws.10).aspx Netgear. 2014. Wireless Access Points. [ONLINE] Available at: https://kb.netgear.com/235/What-is-a-wireless-access-point?cid=wmt_netgear_organic Netgear. (2016). How to configure Access Control or MAC Filtering (Smart Wizard routers) | Answer | NETGEAR Support. [online] Available at: https://kb.netgear.com/13112/How-to-configure-Access-Control-or-MAC-Filtering-Smart-Wizard-routers?cid=wmt_netgear_organic Netgear. (2017). WEP Open System Authentication. [online] Available at: http://documentation.netgear.com/reference/nld/wireless/WirelessNetworkingBasics-3-08.html Ou, G. (2005). The six dumbest ways to secure a wireless LAN | ZDNet. [online] ZDNet. Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-six-dumbest-ways-to-secure-a-wireless-lan/ OBrien, J. Marakas, G.M.(2008) Management Information Systems PersonalFirewall. (2017). What is a Firewall? | How does a Firewall Protect your Computer. [online] Available at: https://personalfirewall.comodo.com/what-is-firewall.html Qnx.com. (2017). Help QNX SDP 6.6 Documentation. [online] Available at: http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/660/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.qnx.doc.core_networking%2Ftopic%2Fwpa_background_Connecting_WEP.html Schenk, R. Garcia, A. Iwanchuk, R. Wireless LAN Deployment and Security Basics. (2001). ExtremeTech.com. URL: http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,3973,1073,00.asp Sheridan (2017). Printing Services Optimizing Client Printing at Sheridan. [online] Available at: https://it.sheridancollege.ca/service-catalogue/printing/printing-optimization.html Chaudhary, S. (2014). Hack WPA/WPA2 PSK Capturing the Handshake. [online] Kali Linux Hacking Tutorials. Available at: http://www.kalitutorials.net/2014/06/hack-wpa-2-psk-capturing-handshake.html Vacca, J. (2009). Computer and information security handbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Wallace, K. (2011). CompTIA Network+ Cert Guide: Connecting Wirelessly | Foundation Topics | Pearson IT Certification. [online] Pearsonitcertification.com. Available at: http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1773082 NIST, 2007 Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) (PDF).

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Conflict Management Style Essay -- Conflict Management

When considering your conflict management style with others, be it; personal or professional, we tend to use the style that seems appropriate to the conflict. Managing conflict is a difficult task that we all face, but becoming aware of your own characteristic style could help determine why conflicts result exactly the way they do. It helps determine what is a healthy outcome. Each circumstance is different. Interpersonal conflict is very common with many relationships. It occurs when two people can not meet in the middle or agree on a discussion. Cooperation is key to maintaining a healthy debate. More frequently; when dealing with members of your own family, issues arise that include conflict and resolution. During this process our true conflict management style appears â€Å"out of thin air†. (Steve A. Beebe, 2008, p. 191). Our behavior or conflict style tells a lot about us as humans. It is an important piece of life’s puzzles, and how we go about living a healthy life. Our particular path decides where conflict will lead to, or if it could be resolved quickly with everyone feeling content. However, our non-verbal behavior could indicate when a person is upset or anoid.This is usually related to unmet needs or goals (Steve A. Beebe, 2008, p. 191). I participated in a conflict management style quiz that was created by Reginald Adkins to see what style I followed. The style that I tend to follow is Harmonizing. I did find this a little surprising because I usually stick to my guns. I will debate with just about anyone, especially if I feel that I am right about something (Steve A. Beebe, 2008, p. 204) The characteristics of a harmonizing style indicates that this type of person tends to give into the demands of oth... ...part of my future I could change directions a few more times. However the significance, and the confidence that I have managed to maintain as a stylist and a member of my community, I am certain that I could contribute very positively in the human services field. I am comfortable around the public and have been a shoulder â€Å"to cry on† for years. I try to practice professionalism as expected and develop relationships that I truly appreciate. I am hopeful and anticipate that things will go well for me, my fellow students and with our future clients. Works Cited Hall, J. (1969). Conflict Management Survey. Washington: The Leadership Center at Washington State University. Steve A. Beebe, S. J. (2008). Interpersonal Communication. In A. a. Pearson, Interpersonal Communication, Relating To Others- Fifth Edition. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education, Inc.